What Is the Name of 100 Baby Born on the Same Day

Delivery of two or more offspring during childbirth

"Triplets" redirects hither. For other uses, come across Triplet.

Identical triplet brothers at graduation. Identical triplets are very rare.

A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother gives nativity to two or more babies. A term virtually applicative to vertebrate species, multiple births occur in most kinds of mammals, with varying frequencies. Such births are often named according to the number of offspring, as in twins and triplets. In not-humans, the whole group may also be referred to as a litter, and multiple births may be more common than unmarried births. Multiple births in humans are the exception and can be exceptionally rare in the largest mammals.

A multiple pregnancy may exist the upshot of the fertilization of a single egg that then splits to create identical fetuses, or it may be the result of the fertilization of multiple eggs that create fraternal^{[ disambiguation needed ]} fetuses, or information technology may be a combination of these factors. A multiple pregnancy from a unmarried zygote is called monozygotic, from ii zygotes is called dizygotic, or from three or more zygotes is called polyzygotic. Similarly, the siblings themselves from a multiple birth may exist referred to as monozygotic if they are identical or as polyzygotic if they are fraternal.

Each fertilized egg (zygote) may produce a unmarried embryo, or it may split into two or more embryos, each carrying the aforementioned genetic textile. Fetuses resulting from different zygotes are called congenial and share merely 50% of their genetic textile, as ordinary full siblings from separate births do. Fetuses resulting from the aforementioned zygote share 100% of their genetic material and hence are called identical.^[1] Identical twins are always the same sex.

Terminology [edit]

Fraternal twins at ii weeks quondam. The technical term for "fraternal" is "polyzygotic".

Fraternal twin sisters taking a nap. Nonidentical twins, the nigh common kind of multiple birth among humans, occur in nearly 1 out of every 80 pregnancies.

Terms used for the number of offspring in a multiple nativity, where a number college than three ends with the suffix -(a/u)plet:

• ii offspring – twins
• three offspring – triplets
• iv offspring – quadruplets
• five offspring – quintuplets
• six offspring – sextuplets
• seven offspring – septuplets
• 8 offspring – octuplets
• nine offspring – nonuplets
• ten offspring – decuplets

Terms used for multiple births or the genetic relationships of their offspring:

• Monozygotic – multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by the splitting of a unmarried zygote
• Polyzygotic – multiple fetuses produced by two or more zygotes:

• Dizygotic – multiple (typically ii) fetuses produced by two zygotes
• Trizygotic – iii or more fetuses produced by three zygotes
• Sesquizygotic – an egg which is fertilized past ii sperms, which produce ii fetuses

Multiple pregnancies are also classified by how the fetuses are surrounded by one or more placentas and amniotic sacs.^[2]

Human multiple births [edit]

In humans, the average length of pregnancy (two weeks fewer than gestation) is 38 weeks with a unmarried fetus. This average decreases for each boosted fetus: to 30-six weeks for twin births, thirty-two weeks for triplets, and thirty weeks for quadruplets.^[3] With the decreasing gestation fourth dimension, the risks from immaturity at birth and subsequent viability increase with the size of the sibling group. Only as of the twentieth century accept more than than four all survived infancy.

Contempo history has also seen increasing numbers of multiple births. In the United States, it has been estimated that by 2011, 36% of twin births and 78% of triplet and higher-order births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive engineering.^[4]

Twins [edit]

Main article: Twin

Twins are past far the almost mutual form of multiple births in humans. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study more than 132,000 sets of twins out of iii.ix million births of all kinds each year, about 3.4%, or 1 in xxx.^[5] Without fertility treatments, the probability is about i in 60; with fertility treatments, it tin exist as high as 20-25%.^[6]

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins run in families; however, the male does not influence the chances of his partner having twins, even if there are twins in his family unit. The hyperovulation gene is the cause for having twins and is only a factor for the mother.^[7] Although the male does not influence his partner's chances of having twins, he could influence his children's chances for having twins. If a male carries the gene for hyperovulation and has a daughter, she may also take the gene for hyperovulation then accept twins herself.

Monozygotic (identical) twins do not run in families. The twinning is random, due to the egg splitting, so all parents have an equal chance of conceiving identical twins.^[8]

Triplets [edit]

Identical triplets like these three sisters occur when a single fertilized egg splits in two then one of the resulting two zygotes splits again.

A pediatric nurse checking recently-born triplets in an incubator at ECWA Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria 2004

Monoamniotic triplets as seen on ultrasound^[9]

Triplets can be either fraternal, identical, or a combination of both. The most common are strictly fraternal triplets, which come from a polyzygotic pregnancy of three eggs. Less common are triplets from a dizygotic pregnancy, where one zygote divides into two identical fetuses, and the other does not. Least common are identical triplets; three fetuses from ane egg. In this case the original zygote divides into two, and and then 1 of those two zygotes divides again but the other does not.

Recently-built-in triplets in an incubator at ECWA Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria March 29, 2004.

Triplets are far less common than twins, co-ordinate to the U.S. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, accounting for simply well-nigh 4300 sets in 3.9 meg births, but a little more than 0.1%, or ane in 1000.^[5] According to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, merely about ten% of these are identical triplets: about one in 10 yard.^[5] Nevertheless, only 4 sets of identical triplets were reported in the U.S. during 2015, nearly 1 in a million.^[v] According to Victor Khouzami, Chairman of Obstetrics at Greater Baltimore Medical Heart, "No one really knows the incidence".^[5]

Identical triplets or quadruplets are very rare and event when the original fertilized egg splits and then 1 of the resultant cells splits again (for triplets) or, even more rarely, a further split occurs (for quadruplets). The odds of having identical triplets is unclear. News articles and other non-scientific organizations give odds from one in threescore,000 to one in 200 1000000 pregnancies.^{[five] [10] [xi] [12] [13] [14]}

Quadruplets [edit]

Quadruplets are much rarer than twins or triplets. Equally of 2007, there were approximately 3556 sets recorded worldwide. Quadruplet births are becoming increasingly common due to fertility treatments. There are around 70 sets of all-identical quadruplets worldwide. Many sets of quadruplets contain a mixture of identical and fraternal siblings, such every bit three identical and 1 fraternal, two identical and two fraternal, or two pairs of identicals. I famous set of identical quadruplets was the Genain quadruplets, all of whom adult schizophrenia.^[15] Quadruplets are sometimes referred to as "quads" in Britain.^[16]

Quintuplets [edit]

The Canadian Dionne sisters, seen in this 1947 photo, were the kickoff quintuplets known to survive infancy.

Quintuplets occur naturally in i in 55,000,000 births.^[17] The first quintuplets known to survive infancy were the identical female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets, born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to equally "quins" in the United kingdom^[eighteen] and "quints" in N America.^[19] A famous set of all-girl quintuplets are the Busby quints from the TV series OutDaughtered.

Sextuplets [edit]

"Sextuplets" redirects here. For the American film, run across Sextuplets (movie).

Built-in in Liverpool, England, on 18 November 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the globe'due south first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the earth'southward fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known ready of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets, born on May 10, 2004, in Hershey, Pennsylvania.^[xx] Reality idiot box shows Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus viii have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets. Other shows of this nature include Table for 12 and Sweet Home Sextuplets.

Very high-order multiple births [edit]

In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets, born in Des Moines, Iowa, became the start septuplets known to survive infancy. Multiple births of every bit many as viii babies have been born live, the first surviving set on record goes to the Suleman octuplets, born in 2009 in Bellflower, California.^{[21] [22]} As of 2019, all of them were alive and turned x years onetime.^[23] In May 2021, the Cisse nonuplets were born in Morocco to Halima Cisse, a 25-year-sometime woman from Mali.^[24]

The list of multiple births covers notable examples. It does not cover fictional examples such as the Charlotte Decuplets.

Causes and frequency [edit]

The frequency of N multiple births from natural pregnancies has been given as approximately 1:89 ^{Due north−1} (Hellin'south law) and as about 1:80 ^N−1.^[25] This gives:

• 1:89 (= i.1%) or i:lxxx (= 1.25%) for twins
• 1:89ⁱⁱ (= 1:7921, about 0.013%) or 1:80^two (= i:6400) for triplets
• 1:89^three (= approx. 0.000142%, less than ane:700,000) or 1:80³ for quadruplets

Due north American dizygotic twinning occurs about once in 83 conceptions, and triplets most in one case in 8000 conceptions. Usa figures for 2010 were:^{[26] [27]}

• Twins, 132,562, 3.31%
• Triplets, 5,503, 0.14%
• Quadruplets, 313, 0.0078%
• Quintuplets and more than, 37, 0.00092%

Human multiple births can occur either naturally (the woman ovulates multiple eggs or the fertilized egg splits into two) or as the issue of infertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (several embryos are often transferred to compensate for lower quality) or fertility drugs (which can cause multiple eggs to mature in ane ovulatory bike).

For reasons that are not withal known, the older a woman is, the more likely she is to accept a multiple nativity naturally. Information technology is theorized that this is due to the higher level of follicle-stimulating hormone that older women sometimes take as their ovaries reply more than slowly to FSH stimulation.^[28]

The number of multiple births has increased over the last decade. For instance, in Canada between 1979 and 1999, the number of multiple nativity babies increased 35%. Before the appearance of ovulation-stimulating drugs, triplets were quite rare (approximately i in 8000 births) and higher-order births much rarer all the same.^{[ commendation needed ]} Much of the increase tin can probably be attributed to the impact of fertility treatments, such as in-vitro fertilization. Younger patients who undergo treatment with fertility medication containing bogus FSH, followed by intrauterine insemination, are specially at adventure for multiple births of higher guild.

The Gosselin sextuplets with their parents and sisters, comprehend of KoreAm, May 2008

Certain factors appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will naturally conceive multiples. These include:

• mother'south historic period: women over 35 are more probable to take multiples than younger women^[29]
• mother's use of fertility drugs: approximately 35% of pregnancies arising through the utilise of fertility treatments such as IVF involve more than than ane child

The increasing apply of fertility drugs and consequent increased rate of multiple births has fabricated the phenomenon of multiples more frequent and hence more visible. In 2004 the birth of sextuplets, six children, to Pennsylvania couple Kate and Jon Gosselin helped them to launch their television series, originally Jon & Kate Plus 8 and (following their divorce) Kate Plus 8, which became the highest-rated bear witness on the TLC network.

Risks [edit]

Premature nascency and low nativity weight [edit]

Babies built-in from multiple-birth pregnancies are much more than likely to result in premature birth than those from unmarried pregnancies. 51% of twins and 91% of triplets are born preterm, compared to 9.4% in singletons.^[30] 14% of twins and 41% of triplets are even built-in very preterm, compared to 1.7% in singletons.^[30]

As recently every bit 2015, at that place was no way to stop twins being built-in early.^[31] In women with single pregnancies drugs called betamimetics can relax the muscles of the uterus and delay nascency.^[32] Giving betamimetics can give more time to requite steroids, for the baby's lung evolution, or to transfer the female parent to a hospital with a special care unit.^[32]

However, in that location is non enough evidence to say whether or non women with twin pregnancies should be given oral betamimetics to reduce the risk of preterm nascence.^[31] In some studies betamimetics have reduced the rate of preterm labour in twin pregnancies; notwithstanding, the studies are as well small to draw any solid conclusions.^[31] Likewise, putting a sew in the neck of the womb (a cervical suture) to prevent premature birth has not been shown to piece of work in women carrying more one baby, due to the small sample sizes in the studies.^[33]

The preterm births also result in multiples tending to take a lower nascency weight compared to singletons.

Among the exceptions is one of the Kupresak triplets of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The combined weight of the three at their birth in 2008, of 17 lbs, two.7 oz, prepare a world tape. One of the triplets was much larger than the other two, weighing 8 lbs. The other two, similar in size to each other, were of moderately depression birth weight equally expected, with a combined weight of 9 lbs, 2.seven oz.^[34]

Cerebral palsy [edit]

Cerebral palsy is more common among multiple births than single births, being ii.3 per one,000 survivors in singletons, 13 in twins, and 45 in triplets in North W England.^[35] This is probable a side effect of premature nativity and low birth weight.

Incomplete separation [edit]

Multiples may be monochorionic, sharing the same chorion, with resultant gamble of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Monochorionic multiples may even exist monoamniotic, sharing the aforementioned amniotic sac, resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal string. In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins, maybe impairing function of internal organs.

Mortality charge per unit (stillbirth) [edit]

Multiples are also known to have a higher mortality rate. It is more common for multiple births to be stillborn, while for singletons the risk is not every bit high. A literary review on multiple pregnancies shows a study done on one set each of septuplets and octuplets, 2 sets of sextuplets, 8 sets of quintuplets, 17 sets of quadruplets, and 228 sets of triplets. By doing this report, Hammond institute that the mean gestational historic period (how many weeks when birthed) at birth was 33.iv weeks for triplets and 31 weeks for quadruplets. This shows that stillbirth happens commonly three–5 weeks before the woman reaches full term and also that for sextuplets or higher it nigh always ends in death of the fetuses.^[36] Though multiples are at a greater risk of beingness stillborn, there is inconclusive show whether the actual mortality charge per unit is higher in multiples than in singletons.

Prevention in IVF [edit]

Today many multiple pregnancies are the result of in vitro fecundation (IVF). In a 1997 study of ii,173 embryo transfers performed as part of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 34% were successfully delivered pregnancies.^[37] The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 31.3% (24.7% twins, 5.8% triplets, and .08% quadruplets).^[37] Because IVFs are producing more than multiples, a number of efforts are being made to reduce the risk of multiple births- specifically triplets or more. Medical practitioners are doing this by limiting the number of embryos per embryo transfer to one or two. That way, the risks for the mother and fetuses are decreased.

The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman, whether it is the first, second or 3rd full IVF cycle attempt and whether at that place are top-quality embryos available. According to a guideline from The National Institute for Wellness and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2013, the number of embryos transferred in a cycle should exist chosen every bit in following table:^[38]

Historic period	Endeavour no.	Embryos transferred
<37 years	1st	1
	2nd	1 if top-quality
	3rd	No more than than two
37–39 years	1st & 2d	1 if top-quality
		two if non height-quality
	third	No more than than 2
forty–42 years		2

Also, it is recommended to utilize single embryo transfer in all situations if a top-quality blastocyst is available.^[38]

Management [edit]

Bed rest has not been found to change outcomes and therefore is not generally recommended outside of a research study.^[39]

Selective reduction (process) [edit]

Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy; it is also called "multifetal reduction".^[twoscore]

The process more often than not takes 2 days; the offset twenty-four hour period for testing in order to select which fetuses to remove, and the second twenty-four hours for the procedure itself, in which potassium chloride is injected into the center of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging.^[41] Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus, retained placenta, infection, a miscarriage, and prelabor rupture of membranes. Each of these appears to be rare.^[42] There are besides ethical concerns about this procedure, since it is a course of abortion, and also because of concerns over which fetuses are terminated and why. ^{[43] [44]}

Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses.^{[45] [46]}

Intendance in pregnancy [edit]

Women with a multiple pregnancy are usually seen more regularly by midwives or doctors than those with singleton pregnancies considering of the higher risks of complications.^[47] Nevertheless, there is currently no evidence to propose that specialised antenatal services produce amend outcomes for mother or babies than 'normal' antenatal care.^[47]

Nutrition [edit]

Equally preterm nascency is such a take chances for women with multiple pregnancies, it has been suggested that these women should be encouraged to follow a high-calorie nutrition to increase the birth weights of the babies.^[48] Evidence around this subject is not notwithstanding practiced enough to advise women to practise this because the long term effects of the high-calorie diets on the mother are not known.^[49]

Cesarean section or vaginal commitment [edit]

A study in 2013 involving 106 participating centers in 25 countries came to the conclusion that, in a twin pregnancy of a gestational age between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks half-dozen days, and the first twin is in cephalic presentation, planned Cesarean section does not significantly decrease or increase the gamble of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal inability, equally compared with planned vaginal delivery.^[50] In this written report, 44% of the women planned for vaginal delivery still concluded upwardly having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such every bit pregnancy complications. In comparison, it has been estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in the Us were delivered by Cesarean section in 2008.^[51] Besides in comparison, the charge per unit of Cesarean section for all pregnancies in the full general population varies between forty% and 14%.^[52]

Fetal position (the way the babies are lying in the womb) usually determines if they are delivered by caesarean section or vaginally. A review of good quality research on this subject area found that if the twin that will exist born first (i.e. is lowest in the womb) is head down there is no practiced evidence that caesarean department will be safer than a vaginal nascency for the mother or babies.^[53]

Monoamniotic twins (twins that form after the splitting of a fertilised egg and share the same amniotic fluid sac) are at more risk of complications than twins that have their ain sacs. In that location is also insufficient evidence around whether to deliver the babies early by caesarean section or to wait for labour to start naturally while running checks on the babies' wellbeing.^[54] The birth of this type of twins should therefore exist decided with the mother and her family and should accept into account the need for adept neonatal care services.^[54]

Cesarean delivery is needed when first twin is in non cephalic presentation or when it is a monoamniotic twin pregnancy.

Neonatal intensive care [edit]

Multiple-birth infants are ordinarily admitted to neonatal intensive care immediately after being born. The records for all the triplet pregnancies managed and delivered from 1992 to 1996 were looked over to meet what the neonatal statistics were. Kaufman^[55] establish from reviewing these files that during a five-twelvemonth period, 55 triplet pregnancies, which is 165 babies, were delivered. Of the 165 babies 149 were admitted to neonatal intensive care later on the delivery.

Society and culture [edit]

A woman bearing 9 or eleven children, Prodigiorum air conditioning ostentorum chronicon, 1557, by Conrad Lycosthenes

Insurance coverage [edit]

A written report by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that, in 2011, significant women covered past private insurance in the United States were older and more probable to have multiple gestation than women covered past Medicaid.^[56]

Cultural aspects [edit]

Certain cultures consider multiple births a portent of either good or evil.^[57]

Mayan culture saw twins as a approval, and was fascinated by the idea of ii bodies looking alike. The Mayans used to believe that twins were one soul that had fragmented.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Ancient Rome, the fable of the twin brothers who founded the city (Romulus and Remus) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same fourth dimension.

In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces, and Heracles and Iphicles, are sons of two different fathers. I of the twins (Polydeuces, Heracles) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus; his brother is the son of their female parent's mortal married man. A like pair of twin sisters are Helen (of Troy) and Clytemnestra (who are also sisters of Castor and Polydeuces). The theme occurs in other mythologies as well, and is called superfecundation.

In certain medieval European chivalric romances, such as Marie de France's Le Fresne, a woman cites a multiple birth (oftentimes to a lower-class woman) equally proof of adultery on her office; while this may reflect a widespread belief, information technology is invariably treated equally malicious slander, to be justly punished by the accuser having a multiple nascency of her own, and the events of the romance are triggered by her attempt to hide 1 or more of the children.^[58] A similar event occurs in the Knight of the Swan romance, in the Beatrix variants of the Swan-Children; her taunt is punished by giving nascency to seven children at once, and her wicked mother-in-law returns her taunt before exposing the children.^[59]

Ethics of multiple births [edit]

Medically assisted procreation [edit]

In vitro fertilization: In vitro fertilization (IVF) was get-go successfully completed in the 1970s as a form of assisted reproductive technology. Out of all the assisted reproductive technology available that is currently in do, in vitro fertilization has the highest chance of producing multiple offspring. Per each female person egg, IVF currently has a 60-70% chance of conceiving. Fertilization is made possible by administering a fertility drug to the eggs or by straight injecting semen into the eggs.^[29] In that location is an increased chance for women over the age of 35 to take multiple births.^[28] IVF is a common genetic and ethical topic. Through IVF individuals can produce offspring successfully when natural procreation is not viable. However, in vitro can become genetically specific and permit for the selection of particular genes or expressible traits to be dominantly present in the formed embryo.^[60] Ethical dilemmas arise when determining health intendance coverage and the deviation from natural selection and factor variations. In regards to multiple births different ethical concerns arise from the utilise of in vitro fertilization. Overall, multiple pregnancies can cause potential harm to the mother and children due to potential complications. Such complications can include uterine bleeding and children not receiving equal nutrients.^[61] IVF has too revealed some pre term deliveries and lower birth weights in babies.^[62] While some view medically assisted procreation as a saving grace to take children, others consider these procedure to be unnatural and costly to the community.

Multifetal pregnancy reduction [edit]

Multifetal pregnancy reduction is the reduction of one or more embryos from the begetting woman. Selective reduction usually occurs for pregnancies assisted by assisted reproductive technology (ART). The first multifetal pregnancy reductions to occur in a clinical setting took identify in the 1980s. Multiple pregnancies do not occur from a genetic predisposition. The genetic biology that results in twins is the fertilization of an egg or more than at the time of conception. The procedure aims to reduce pregnancies down to approximately one to two fetuses. The overarching purpose of the procedure is not primarily to merely terminate life, merely to increase the survival and success of the mother and babies. However, multifetal pregnancy reduction raises some ethical questions. The main argument is like to abortion ethics (Abortion debate) in reduction of fetus versus fetus life. The protection of maternal well being versus harm of newly formed fetal life is an extension of the aforementioned upstanding question.^[63] It can be viewed that all life is important and that no life should be terminated without consent from the life that is being terminated. A polar viewpoint advocates for the right of choice, that being the choice to terminate a pregnancy due to desire and/or pregnancy risks.^[64] Overall, most multifetal pregnancy reductions that occur as a result of ART are being done for the protection of the kid bearer's health and to sometimes maximize the health of the nowadays fetuses.^[56]

Run across also [edit]

• Biological reproduction
• List of multiple births
• Twin
• List of twins
• Conjoined twins
• Only child
• 3 Identical Strangers
• Superfecundation (multiple pregnancy resulting from divide acts of sexual intercourse)
• Feodor Vassilyev
• Half a Dozen Babies, a 1999 drama film about the 1993-born Dilley sextuplets
• Quints, a Disney Channel film almost a teenage daughter condign the older sister to quintuplets

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External links [edit]

• Facts Most Multiples
• HFEA consultation on multiple births after IVF
• D. 50. Ashliman, Multiple Births in Legend and Folklore
• Twins and Multiple Births Clan

dicksonthal1977.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_birth

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