Do Not Show Again Ãâ¿ãâ¾ãâ½ã⸠Ãâºã‘€ãâµãâ°ã‘‚ãâ¾ã‘€
When files are moved betwixt unlike operating systems, or stored in a mutual file organisation such as AFS, you may sometimes find that characters such as ÅÄÖ are shown incorrectly.
A character encoding determines which binary sequence is used to represent each letter, or other graphic symbol. Many different ways to encode text have been used throughout the years. CSC'due south Unix systems have traditionally used "Latin-1" (ISO-8859-one), which contains the letters used in western European languages. Other operating systems have used other encodings, e.g. "Mac Roman" on Mac OS, "CP-1252" on MS Windows, or "CP-437" on MS DOS. All of these are extensions of ASCII (basically, American letters, digits and punctuation), which means that such characters are displayed correctly. But accented letters differ. In item, the Swedish messages ÅÄÖ are not displayed correctly
These days, nigh OSs can utilize some class of UTF-8, but yous may need to configure the applications to use it. To do so you lot choose a locale, which defines formatting many settings specific to a language and region, for example:
- Number formatting (east.one thousand. using "1 234,5" or "i,234.v")
- Appointment and time formatting
- String collation (i.due east. sort guild, then that "ångström" is sorted nether A in English but Å in Swedish)
The locale is written equally «language»_«variant».«encoding», e.one thousand. "en_US.UTF-eight" (American English, UTF-eight) or "en_GB.ISO8859-1" (British English, latin-1).
Wikipedia's explanation of latin1 (external link)
Wikipedia'due south explanation of locales (external link)
Converting a file
To convert the contents of a file, y'all tin open it in a locale-aware editor, and "save equally..."
a unlike encoding, or use the iconv command-line tool:
iconv -f iso8859-1 -t utf-8 < original.txt > new.txt
When logging in remotely (with SSH), you can normally configure your local settings to be forwarded. Unfortunately, non all SSH servers support this. Currently (equally of November 2010), CSC'due south Solaris SSH server does not permit forwarding of environment variables, which is needed for this to work. The relevant locales (en_US.UTF-8, sv_SE.UTF-8) are available on Solaris, and you can set them manually, but they won't be used by default.
Trouble: ÅÄÖ shown as ���
Your application uses latin1 characters, but your concluding (or editor) tries to display them as UTF-8. Configure your awarding to use UTF-8 (run across below), or change your concluding settings to use ISO-8859-1.
Trouble: ÅÄÖ shown as åäö
Your application uses UTF-8, but they are displayed every bit latin1. Configure your application to utilise ISO-8859-i (come across below), or modify your terminal settings to use UTF-8.
Problem: ÅÄÖ shown as ���
Your awarding is press U+FFFD, the Unicode replacement character (�, ordinarily displayed as a question mark on inverted background). This is then converted as if it were in latin1 to UTF-8 (a U+FFFD graphic symbol in UTF-8 uses three bytes). Check the settings for all applications — including the terminal window — to ensure that they all concur on which encoding to use.
Select locale (application settings)
If your application is locale enlightened (most are, but not some legacy CSC applications), then yous can select the locale by
export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-viii ## bash
setenv LC_ALL en_US.UTF-8 ## tcsh
and and then run your application. To simply configure the character encoding, change the LC_CTYPE environs variable instead.
You can also select which locale to employ when you log in locally, but this may cause trouble when you utilise a different operating arrangement. Nosotros recommend that you utilize the default settings and re-configure the applications instead.
Configuring terminal encoding
Ubuntu
The encoding used by Gnome's terminal tin exist change under Final and then Set Character Encoding, but unless you accept previously done so, you need to add together the "Western (ISO-8859-1)" encoding.
Mac Bone X
The default settings for Last.app is to use UTF-8. This tin can be changed by going to Terminal and then Preferences… so Advanced.
The default for X11.app'due south xterm is to apply latin1. You tin alter this by editing the startup sequence for X11, but it's easier to simply apply Terminal.app.
MS Windows
PuTTY's settings can exist inverse under Window and then Translation in the configuration dialog.
CSC'south Windows computers currently run SSH Secure Shell from Tectia (formerly SSH Communications Security Corp). It is not UTF-8 enlightened, and will default to using latin1 encoding.
Source: https://intra.kth.se/en/it/arbeta-pa-distans/unix/encoding-1.71788
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